Acts that produce a legal effect according to the rules of ecclesiastical law, and are either allowed or forbidden. They comprise acts of: official administrators of ecclesiastical property; persons employed in ecclesiastical courts, judge, auditor, referee, "defensor vinculi" (e.g., for marriage), fiscal promotor and promotor of faith (for beatification and canonization) , courier, beadle, lawyer, proxy; sponsors at Baptism and Confirmation; voting at ecclesiastical elections, including those held by chapters of religious communities; actual exercise of advowson.