(c.1864-1940) Schismatic, born Manila, Philippine Islands. He was ordained, 1890, and excommunicated at the time of the Philippine insurrection (1899-1901). He was an officer of the insurgents against the United States troops and when obliged to surrender organized about 21 priests in a movement to protect the rights of the native clergy, seized many churches, and won over many people. The movement was more political than heretical. He established himself as "Pontifex Maximus" of the "Independent Catholic Church of the Philippines," 1902, but in 1907 he began to lose his prestige and the schism soon disappeared.
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