Reigned from April 29, 1670 to July 22, 1676. Born on July 13, 1590 in Rome, Italy as Emilio Altieri; died there on July 22, 1676. He fulfilled many important missions before his election, especially as Nuncio to Naples, Secretary of the Congregation of Bishops and Regulars, and Superintendent of the Papal Exchequer, and was made cardinal in 1669. As pope he labored to preserve the peace of Europe against Louis XIV, and began the struggle with him over the droitde regale, i.e.,concerning revenues of vacant dioceses and abbeys. He aided Poland against the Turks with subsidies, and beautified Rome.