Orders by which ministers of the Established Church are empowered to exercise Authority in their congregations, to preach, teach, and perform thc necessary ceremonies and pastoral services. The rite by which these Orders are conferred is that of the Edwardine Ordinal of 1552 as amended in 1662. This rite was fixed by six prelates and six others appointed by the king for the express purpose of supplanting among other rites that of ordination, which had prevailed in the Church from the beginning, since the Reformers in England as elsewhere considered it superstitious. It lacks the proper form, which is considered essential for validity in conferring Orders in the Catholic Church; and the intention of those who devised it, as well as of those who first conferred it, was certainly not the intention required by the Church of Christ. The form did not specify definitely the nature of the Order to be conferred, and the officiating prelates would not intend to ordain priests to consecrate the Body and Blood of Christ, to offer sacrifice, to celebrate Mass, since these were in execration at the time and the Ordinal was drawn up precisely to do away with them. The attempt at the close of the last century to have Anglican Orders recognized by the Church as valid occasioned the Bull of Leo XIII, September 18, 1896, declaring them invalid.