Group of Baptist associations which arose c.1835and have never organized as a denomination. Other names applied to them are "Old School," "Regular," "Anti-Mission," and "Hard-Shell." They are opposed to all human religious institutions and are strongly Calvinistic in their doctrine. They hold strictly "to the full verbal inspiration of the Old and New Testament Scriptures," and believe that "every sane human being is accountable for all his thoughts, words, and actions." They are congregational in government.