Après la ruine de Jérusalem en 70 ap. J.-C., la situation du judaïsme était difficile et celle du christianisme encore incertaine. Flavius Josèphe (37-97), prêtre de Jérusalem et historien de la « Guerre des juifs » (vers 78), est de ceux qui ont cherché à organiser l'avenir dans l'Empire romain dont la puissance était à la fois fascinante et inquiétante. Les « Antiquités juives », son œuvre majeure, sont publiées en 93. En vingt livres, dont le centre est l'Exil, Josèphe se révèle un témoin exceptionnel de son siècle. Il y donne, depuis Rome, sa manière de voir l'histoire de son peuple, en la faisant remonter à Adam. Il s'efforce de montrer que la loi mosaïque est rationnelle. Lui-même se voit à la fois comme Jérémie, incompris de son peuple, et comme Daniel, isolé dans une cour étrangère.
Le présent volume comprend le texte, la traduction et un commentaire des livres X et XI, qui relatent la fin du royaume de Juda et l'Exil ainsi que la période perse jusqu'à l'arrivée d'Alexandre le Grand, avec une affaire samaritaine.
La partie biblique est une paraphrase de l'hébreu dans un grec laborieux, mais les sources de Josèphe, qui proviennent des archives du Temple, sont assez éloignées du texte hébreu usuel. En particulier, Josèphe témoigne de formes inédites des Chroniques, d'Esdras-Néhémie et d'Esther, preuve que la bibliothèque des Écrits n'était pas encore stabilisée de son temps. En ce qui concerne les Samaritains de Sichem, Flavius Josèphe donne sans le vouloir des éléments qui vont à l'encontre de ses propres préjugés antisamaritains : les Samaritains sont restés témoins de l'ancienne religion israélite, avant l'arrivée du judaïsme avec ses traditions orales d'origine babylonienne.
Flavius Josephus was born Joseph ben Mattathias in Jerusalem in 37 CE a few years after the time of Jesus, during the time of the Roman occupation of the Jewish homeland. In his early twenties he was sent to Rome to negotiate the release of several priests held hostage by Emperor Nero. When he returned home after completing his mission he found the nation beginning a revolution against the Romans.
Despite his foreboding that the cause was hopeless, he was drafted into becoming commander of the revolutionary forces in Galilee, where he spent more time controlling internal factions than fighting the Roman army. When the city of Jotapata he was defending fell to the Roman general Vespasian, Josephus and his supporters hid in a cave and entered into a suicide pact, which Josephus oddly survived.
Taken prisoner by Vespasian, Josephus presented himself as a prophet. Noting that the war had been propelled by an ancient oracle that foretold a world ruler would arise from Judaea, Josephus asserted that this referred to Vespasian, who was destined to become Emperor of Rome. Intrigued, Vespasian spared his life. When this prophecy came true, and Vespasian became Emperor, he rewarded Josephus handsomely, freeing him from his chains and eventually adopting him into his family, the Flavians. Josephus thus became Flavius Josephus.
During the remainder of the war, Josephus assisted the Roman commander Titus, Vespasian's son, with understanding the Jewish nation and in negotiating with the revolutionaries. Called a traitor, he was unable to persuade the defenders of Jerusalem to surrender to the Roman siege, and instead became a witness to the destruction of the city and the Holy Temple.
Living at the Flavian court in Rome, Josephus undertook to write a history of the war he had witnessed. The work, while apparently factually correct, also served to flatter his patron and to warn other provinces against the folly of opposing the Romans. He first wrote in his native language of Aramaic, then with assistance translated it into Greek (the most-used language of the Empire). It was published a few years after the end of the war, in about 78 CE. He was about 40 years old.
Josephus subsequently improved his language skills and undertook a massive work in Greek explaining the history of the Jews to the general non-Jewish audience. He emphasized that the Jewish culture and Bible were older than any other then existing, hence called his work the Jewish Antiquities. Approximately half the work is a rephrasing of the Hebrew Bible, while much of the rest draws on previous historians. This work was published in 93 or 94 CE, when he was about 56 years old.
Josephus wrote at least two smaller books, including his autobiography, in which he recounts his life from birth until the writing of the Antiquities. The year he died is unknown.
... Show more