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Verse 39

They answered and said unto him, Our father is Abraham. Jesus said unto them, If ye were Abraham's children, ye would do the works of Abraham.

The differentiation between the physical and the spiritual descendants of Abraham is developed fully in Paul's letter to the Romans, Romans 8-9. See my Commentary on Romans on these chapters.

Abraham's children ... In the sense that this relates to God's redemptive promises through the patriarch Abraham; it never did mean persons physically descended from Abraham, but those with a spiritual likeness. The Jewish leaders were totally unaware of this.

If ye were Abraham's children ... is equivalent to saying that the men Jesus addressed were not Abraham's children, they had no spiritual likeness to the great patriarch and were therefore not his children at all in the Biblical sense.

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