Reigned from May 16, 1605 to January 1, 1621. Born on September 17, 1550 in Rome, Italy as Camillo Borghese; died there on January 1, 1621. A canonist and disciplinarian, his firmness during his pontificate was probably due to his early training. He brought on a schism of a year's duration when he excommunicated the government of the Republic of Venice. A patron of art, he enriched the Vatican Library, finished Saint Peter's, and encouraged Guido Reni.