Reigned from August 4, 1903 to August 20, 1914. Born on June 2, 1835 at Riese, Italy as Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto; died in Rome, Italy. Before his election he accomplished many reforms in favor of the poor, and promoted the Gregorian Chant. He was made Patriarch of Venice and cardinal in 1893. During his pontificate he published encyclicals against modernism, socialism, and the oppression of the Indians in Peru by the rubber merchants. He recommended daily Communion and the reception of Communion by all children of the age of discretion. A congregation of cardinals was appointed in 1904 to recodify the Canon Law; the reorganized the Curia and published new rules for diocesan relations. His pontificate was troubled by struggles with the European powers, especially France, Italy, Spain, and Portugal. Beatified on June 3, 1951, and canonized on May 29, 1954.
This dictionary contains not only definitions and explanations of every subject in Religion, Scripture, tradition, doctrine, morals, sacraments, rites, customs, devotions and symbolism, but also accounts of the Church in every continent, country, diocese; missions, notable Catholic centers, cities, and places with religious names; religious orders, church societies, sects and false religions. It has brief articles also on historical events and personages, on the Old Testament and New, and on popes, prelates, priests, men and women of distinction, showing what the Church has done for civilization and correcting many errors which have hitherto passed for history.Wikipedia
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