bak´slı̄d ´ משׁוּבה , meshūbhāh ; Hosea 11:7; Hosea 14:4 and often in Hos and Jer, שׁובב , shōbhābh ; שׁובב , shōbhēbh , in Jer, 4 times: all meaning "turning back or away," "apostate," "rebellious." סרר , ṣārar , in Hosea 4:16 = "stubborn," "rebellious"; the Revised Version (British and American) "stubborn"): In all places the word is used of Israel forsaking Yahweh, and with a reference to the covenant relation between Yahweh and the nation, conceived as a marriage tie which Israel had violated. Yahweh was Israel's husband, and by her idolatries with other gods she had proved unfaithful ( Jeremiah 3:8 , Jeremiah 3:14; Jeremiah 14:7; Hosea 14:4 ). It may be questioned whether Israel was guilty so much of apostasy and defection, as of failure to grow with the growing revelation of God. The prophets saw that their contemporaries fell far short of their own ideal, but they did not realize how far their predecessors also had fallen short of the rising prophetic standard in ideal and action. See APOSTASY .
Backslider bak´slı̄d -ẽr סוּג לב , ṣūgh lēbh ̌ : "The backslider in heart shall be filled with his own ways" (Proverbs 14:14 ). But the Revised Version (British and American) "backslider" conveys the wrong impression of an apostate. The Hebrew expression here implies simply non-adherence to the right, "The bad man reaps the fruits of his act" (Toy, Prov , in loc.).
The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (ISBE) was edited by James Orr, John Nuelsen, Edgar Mullins, Morris Evans, and Melvin Grove Kyle and was published complete in 1939. This web site includes the complete text.
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