Verse 31
31. Bitterness The climax of wrathful terms in this verse, rising to clamour, sounds like a reminiscence of the uproar of the Ephesian mob. Acts 19:0.
Bitterness This is a permanent state of virulent temper, which easily swells up into wrath and then breaks forth in anger. Then may follow outcry or clamour of the individual or the mob. This is the way of a turbulent state of society, ready for tumult.
All This climactic rise of violence the Christian in Ephesus must put away. And this is, as Dr. Eadie happily styles it, “a genealogy of bad passions,” each begetting its successor to the end of the fierce chapter.
All Having their base and fountain in the final κακια , (translated malice,) that is, badness, a full, deep, cherished depravity of nature, deepened by unrestrained indulgence. And this fearful Ephesian picture is an example to avoid, which our apostle will complete by a counter picture for a Christian Church in Ephesus in the following verse.
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