The Universal Danger

3:2 There are many things in which we all slip up; but if a man never slips up in his speech, he is a perfect man, able to keep the whole body also on the rein.

James sets down two ideas which were woven into Jewish thought and literature.

(i) There is no man in this world who does not sin in something. The word James uses means to slip up. "Life," said Lord Fisher, the great sailor, "is strewn with orange peel." Sin is so often not deliberate but the result of a slip up when we are off our guard. This universality of sin runs all through the Bible. "None is righteous, no not one," quotes Paul. "For all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God" ( Romans 3:10 ; Romans 3:23 ). "If we say we have no sin," says John, "we deceive ourselves, and the truth is not in us" ( 1 John 1:8 ). "There is not a righteous man on earth who does good and never sins," said the preacher ( Ecclesiastes 7:20 ). "There is no man," says the Jewish sage, "among them that be born, but he hath dealt wickedly; and among the faithful there is none who hath not done amiss" ( 2 Esdras 8:35 ). There is no room for pride in human life, for there is not a man upon earth who has not some blot of which to be ashamed. Even the pagan writers have the same conviction of sin. "It is the nature of man to sin both in private and in public life," said Thucydides (3: 45). "We all sin," said Seneca, "some more grievously, some more lightly" (On Clemency 1: 6).

(ii) There is no sin into which it is easier to fall and none which has graver consequences than the sin of the tongue. Again this idea is woven into Jewish thought. Jesus warned men that they would give account for every word they spoke. "By your words you will be justified; and by your words you will be condemned" ( Matthew 12:36-37 ). "A soft answer turns away wrath; but a harsh word stirs up anger.... A gentle tongue is a tree of life; but perverseness in it breaks the spirit" ( Proverbs 15:1-4 ).

Of all Jewish writers, Jesus ben Sirach, the writer of Ecclesiasticus, was most impressed with the terrifying potentialities of the tongue. "Honour and shame is in talk; and the tongue of man is his fall. Be not called a whisperer, and lie not in wait with the tongue; for a foul shame is upon the thief, and an evil condemnation upon the double tongue.... Instead of a friend become not an enemy; for thereby thou shalt inherit an ill name, shame and reproach; even so shall a sinner that hath a double tongue" ( Sirach 5:13 through Sirach 6:1 ). "Blessed is the man who has not slipped with his mouth" ( Sirach 14:1 ). "Who is he that hath not offended with his tongue?" ( Sirach 19:15 ). "Who shall set a watch before my mouth and a sea, of wisdom upon my lips, that I shall not suddenly fall by them and my tongue destroy me not?" ( Sirach 22:27 ).

He has a lengthy passage which is so nobly and passionately put that it is worth quoting in full:

Curst the whisperer and the double-tongued; for such have

destroyed many that were at peace. A backbiting tongue hath

disquieted many and driven them from nation to nation; strong

cities hath it pulled down and overthrown the houses of great men.

It hath cut in pieces the forces of people and undone strong

nations. A backbiting tongue hath cast out virtuous women and

deprived them of their labours. Whoso hearkeneth unto it shall

never find rest and never dwell quietly, neither shall he have a

friend in whom he may repose. The stroke of the whip maketh marks

in the flesh: but the stroke of the tongue breaketh the bones.

Many have fallen by the edge of the sword; but not so many as

have fallen by the tongue. Well is he that is defended from it

and has not passed through the venom thereof; who hath not drawn

the yoke thereof, nor hath been bound in her bands. For the yoke

thereof is a yoke of iron and the bands thereof are bands of

brass. The death thereof is an evil death, the grave were better

than it.... Look that thou hedge thy possession about with

thorns and bind up thy silver and gold and weigh thy words in a

balance and make a bridle for thy lips and make a door and bar for

thy mouth. Beware thou slide not by it, lest thou fall before him

that lieth in wait and thy fall be incurable unto death

( Sirach 28:13-26 ).