Societies founded at Rome for the encouragement of scientific, literary, and. artistic pursuits, and for promoting higher religious studies. Those founded by, or under the protection of, the popes are: "Pontificia Accademia dei Nuovi Lincei" (1847; scientific); "Pontificia Accademia degli Arcadi" (1690; literary); "Pontificia Accademia Romana di Archeologia" (1816; archeology); "Pontificia Accademia dei Nobili Ecclesiastici" (1710; diplomacy); "Accademia Romana di San Luca" (1577; fine arts) and "Accademia di Santa Cecilia" (1583; music), now royal academies; and others. There are also the academies of art founded at Rome by the French (1666), the English (1821), the Spaniards (1881), and Americans (1896), and the "Societa di Conferenze di Sacra Archeologia," founded by De Rossi in 1875.