Reigned from April 7, 1655 to May 22, 1667. Born on February 13, 1599 in Siena, Italy as Fabio Chigi; died in Rome, Italy on May 22, 1667. Of the illustrious Chigi family, he fulfilled many papal diplomatic missions and was created cardinal, 1652. During his pontificate difficulties with Louis XIV led to the temporary loss of Avignon and acceptance of the humiliating terms of the treaty of Pisa. Alexander combated Jansenism by compelling the French clergy to sign his "formulary." A patron of art, he beautified Rome, enlarged the Vatican Library, and befriended men of letters.