dē̇ -fı̄ ´ (חרף , ḥāraph , זעם , zā‛am ): In 1 Samuel 17:10 , 1 Samuel 17:25 , 1 Samuel 17:26 , 1 Samuel 17:36 , 1 Samuel 17:45 (the story of David and Goliath) and kindred passages, this word is used in its most familiar sense - "to taunt," "challenge to combat" (Hebrew ḥāraph ). In Numbers 23:7 , Numbers 23:8 "denounce" would be a better translation than "defy" (Hebrew zā‛am ).
The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (ISBE) was edited by James Orr, John Nuelsen, Edgar Mullins, Morris Evans, and Melvin Grove Kyle and was published complete in 1939. This web site includes the complete text.
WikipediaThe ISBE is a classic Bible reference compiled from nearly 10,000 entries written by over 200 different Bible scholars and teachers. In addition to the encyclopedia articles, all of the major words of the Bible are represented and defined.
The historical, cultural, and linguistic information in the ISBE can be of great value in Bible study and research.
But as with any writings of men, the careful student of the Bible must always compare them with Scripture. As you use this helpful study resource, remember that only God's word is pure.
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