foul ( רפשׂ , rāphas ; ἀκάθαρτος , akáthartos ): The verb "to foul" (defile) occurs as the translation of rāphas , "to trample" or "muddle" (streams) (Ezekiel 32:2; Ezekiel 34:18 ); of ḥāmar , "to burn," "to be red" (Job 16:16 , "My face is foul with weeping," the American Standard Revised Version and the English Revised Version, margin "red"); of mirpās , "a treading" (Ezekiel 34:19 ). The adjective is the translation of akathartos , "unclean," "impure," "wicked" (Mark 9:25; Revelation 18:2 , "foul spirit," the Revised Version (British and American) "unclean"), and of cheimō̇n , "winter," "stormy or foul weather" (Matthew 16:3 ). the Revised Version (British and American) has "The rivers shall become foul" (Isaiah 19:6 ) instead of the King James Version "They shall turn the rivers far away," the English Revised Version "The rivers shall stink."
The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (ISBE) was edited by James Orr, John Nuelsen, Edgar Mullins, Morris Evans, and Melvin Grove Kyle and was published complete in 1939. This web site includes the complete text.
WikipediaThe ISBE is a classic Bible reference compiled from nearly 10,000 entries written by over 200 different Bible scholars and teachers. In addition to the encyclopedia articles, all of the major words of the Bible are represented and defined.
The historical, cultural, and linguistic information in the ISBE can be of great value in Bible study and research.
But as with any writings of men, the careful student of the Bible must always compare them with Scripture. As you use this helpful study resource, remember that only God's word is pure.
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