Guilty (5267) hupodikos/hypodikos

Accountable (5267) (hupodikos from hupó = under + dike = justice, what is right, judicial hearing or decision especially sentence of condemnation, execution of a sentence) literally means under justice or under judgment, and thus liable to judgment or punishment and in the present context is answerable to God the Judge of all men. Romans 3:19 is the only use in Scripture. Hupodikos is a forensic or legal technical term and is used to describe one who has lost all possibility of disproving a charge against him and thus has already lost his case. In classic Greek this word described on who was liable to action from another person. It signifies one is guilty, culpable, accountable, subject to trial or subject to condemnation. Vine comments that... Man, being without excuse for sin, remains exposed to punishment from God, under the searchlight of divine revelation, such revelation being given whether by creation (see note Romans 1:20) and being made known to conscience (see note Romans 2:14-15), or by the written Law itself. (Vine, W. Collected writings of W. E. Vine. Nashville: Thomas Nelson ) TDNT says that in Romans 3:19 hupodikos... applies to accused persons who cannot refute the charges leveled against them. Since Jews no less than Gentiles are in this position, all fall under God's condemnation apart from the new right that God establishes for them in Christ. (Kittel, G., Friedrich, G., & Bromiley, G. W. Theological Dictionary of the New Testament. Eerdmans) Vincent comments, The rendering, brought under judgment regards God as the Judge; but He is rather to be regarded as the injured party. Not God’s judgments, but His rights are referred to here. The better rendering is liable to pay penalty to God. Godet says that hupódikos means placed under the stroke of justice, like one whom the judge has declared guilty, and who owes satisfaction to the law he has violated. The word is frequently used in this sense in the classics; it is a judicial term, corresponding to the word Paul had used to denote the accusation (proaitiaomai Ro 3:9). (Godet, F. Commentary on Romans) Godet comments that this last phrase to God is full of solemnity; it is into the hands of His justice that the whole guilty world falls. (ibid.) In other words, every one is answerable to or liable to God in God’s court. It is God we have offended and we all lie under His sentence of death. Haldane commenting on the phrase "to God" (or as KJV translates it "before God" writes that... When the question respects appearing before men, people find many ways of escape, either by concealing their actions, by disguising facts, or by disputing what is right. And even when men pass in review before themselves, self–love finds excuses, and various shifts are resorted to, and false reasonings, which deceive. But nothing of this sort can have place before God. For although the Jews flattered themselves in the confidence of their own righteousness, and on this point all men try to deceive themselves, it will be entirely different in the day when they shall appear before the tribunal of God; for then there will be no more illusions of conscience, no more excuses, no way to escape condemnation. His knowledge is infinite, His hand is omnipotent, His justice is incorruptible, and from Him nothing can be concealed. Before Him, therefore, every mouth will be stopped, and all the world must confess themselves guilty. (Romans 3 Commentary). Hodge - The conclusion to which the apostle’s argument, from experience and Scripture, has led so far is that all men are guilty in the sight of God, and if guilty, they cannot be justified on the basis of their personal character or behavior. To justify is to declare not guilty, and therefore the guilty cannot, on the basis of character, be justified. (Romans 3 Commentary) There is no defense against the guilty verdict God pronounces on the entire human race. No one, whether Jew or Gentile, has grounds for appeal; none can claim to be free from guilt before God. All are lost. Barnes - "The idea (inherent in hupódikos) is that of subjection to punishment; but always because the man personally deserves it, and because being unable to vindicate himself, he ought to be punished. It is never used to denote simply an obligation to punishment, but with reference to the fact that the punishment is personally deserved." Godet - "The apostle in drawing this picture, which is only a grouping together of strokes of the pencil, made by the hands of psalmists and prophets, does not certainly mean that each of those characteristics is found equally developed in every man, Some, even the most of them, may remain latent in many men; but they all exist in germ in the selfishness and natural pride of the ego, and the least circumstance may cause them to pass into the active state, when the fear of God does not govern the heart. Such is the cause of the divine condemnation which is suspended over the human race." (Romans Commentary on 3:9-20) Newell sums up the preceding section noting that "In verse 19, we repeat, and not till then, does Paul turn again to the Jews as those who were under law to shut off their possible escape from that general arraignment by Scripture of "both Jews and Greeks" beginning at the ninth verse. Thus every mouth was "stopped." Men's mouths keep talking of their own goodness or of someone else's badness, or of both, -as, for example, the Pharisee in Lk 18:9-14. But the moral history of mankind delineated in Chapter One; and the stern principles of God's judgment which considered neither man's high notions of himself, nor his religious professions, as shown in Chapter Two; and now, in Chapter Three, the fourteen sweeping statements of Scripture concerning the whole guilty human race, with the double conviction of the Jews as not only sinners, but also transgressors of the very Law they gloried in, -all this stops men's vain mouths! For they are all brought into the presence of their Judge, and the sentence of guilty is upon them all. Not that they are brought in to have their just penalty executed upon them; but that they may be silent while God their Judge announces-astonishing thing!- that He has himself already dealt with the world's sin upon a sin-offering, Jesus, His Son; whom, we shall soon see, He set forth at the cross as a righteous meeting-ground between Himself in all His holiness and righteousness; and the sinner, whether Jew or Gentile, in all his guilt, -through simple faith in the shed blood of this Redeemer!" (Romans 3 Commentary) Torrey's Topic Condemnation The sentence of God against sin -Matthew 25:41 Universal, caused by the offence of Adam -Romans 5:12,16,18 Inseparable consequence of sin -Proverbs 12:2; Romans 6:23 INCREASED BY Impenitence -Matthew 11:20, 21, 22, 23, 24 Unbelief -John 3:18,19 Pride -1 Timothy 3:6 Oppression -James 5:1-5 Hypocrisy -Matthew 23:14 Conscience testifies to the justice of -Job 9:20; Romans 2:1; Titus 3:11 The law testifies to the justice of -Romans 3:19 According to men’s deserts -Matthew 12:37; 2 Corinthians 11:15 Saints are delivered from, by Christ -John 3:18; 5:24; Romans 8:1,33,34 Of the wicked, an example -2 Peter 2:7; Jude 1:7 Chastisements are designed to rescue us from -Psalms 94:12,13; 1 Corinthians 11:32 Apostates ordained to -Jude 1:4 Unbelievers remain under -John 3:18,36 The law is the ministration of -2 Corinthians 3:9

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Guilty (5267) hupodikos/hypodikos

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