Read (314) anaginosko by Greek Word Studies

Read (314)(anaginosko from aná = emphatic, again + ginosko = know <> know again) literally to know again or to recognize again. It came to mean to distinguish between, to know accurately and then to read. In the NT anaginosko is only used with the meaning of to read (albeit once in a figurative sense of men "reading" the lives of the Corinthian saints as one would an actual written letter), especially referring to reading aloud and to public reading. In Acts 8:28, 30, 32 we see the Ethiopian eunuch is reading in private (until encountered by Phillip!). Surely one cannot miss the point that the pure milk of God's Word is to have a vital and central role in the corporate worship of the church at Thessalonica. Anaginosko is found in the papyri in the reading aloud of a petition or of the reading aloud of a will. In another use anaginosko refers to copies of an edict set up in public places "in full view of those who wish to read (anaginosko)." In all 7 uses of anaginosko in Matthew (4 parallel uses in Mark) Jesus appeal to his opponent's reading of the Scripture ("have you not read..."). NIDNTT explains that originally anaginosko... had only an intensive or restrictive force, to know exactly, or know again, acknowledge. Then it came to mean generally read, read aloud. There is no essential difference, for in the classical world anyone reading for himself alone always did so aloud. In legal orations anaginosko was frequently used as a call to the court secretary, whose duty it was to read the documents in the case. Similarly anagnosis occasionally meant recognizing, but normally reading, or reading aloud, especially in meetings or before a court. In late Judaism the reading of the Law was an unquestioned part of every service (cf. the synagogue inscription found in Jerusalem: synagogen eis anagnosin nomou, the synagogue is for the reading of the Law). This was the right of every member of the congregation (Luke 4:16ff), but was early on linked to a lectionary, at least for the Torah. In spite of opinions to the contrary there were no regular readings in the Temple. In the synagogue there is a reading from the Pentateuch on sabbaths, all festivals, the New Moon, fast days, Mondays and Thursdays, with a reading from the Prophets on sabbaths, festivals and fasts. No fixed lectionary existed in the 1st cent. A.D.) In this connection it should be noted that already in the LXX Yahweh’s command to the prophets to proclaim the word (Jer. 3:12; 11:6, etc.) was translated by anaginosko, thereby implying reading in a service. (Brown, Colin, Editor. New International Dictionary of NT Theology. 1986. Zondervan) Obviously this injunction by Paul means that the letter was to be read aloud, one reason being that not all the believers were able to read. Furthermore these early saints lacked photocopying capabilities and thus copies could not be distributed to every household. Paul's solution was to give this Letter a place in public worship alongside the reading of the Old Testament Scriptures (which were regularly read in the Jewish synagogues - see Luke 4:16 below and the LXX use of anaginosko in Deuteronomy 31:11 for example), one consequence of which would eventually be that this letter would receive recognition by the church leader as divinely authoritative and inspired. Jamieson writes that read aloud means... namely, publicly in the congregation at a particular time. The Greek aorist tense implies a single act done at a particular time. The earnestness of his adjuration implies how solemnly important he felt this divinely inspired message to be. Also, as this was the first of the Epistles of the New Testament, he makes this the occasion of a solemn charge, that so its being publicly read should be a sample of what should be done in the case of the others, just as the Pentateuch and the Prophets were publicly read under the Old Testament, and are still read in the (Jewish) synagogue... What Paul commands with an adjuration, (some groups) forbid under a curse [paraphrased from Bengel]. Though these Epistles had difficulties, the laity were all to hear them read (1Pe 4:11-note ; 2Pe 3:10-note; even the very young, 2Ti 1:5-note ; 2Ti 3:15-note) In Colossians Paul has a similar instruction to have the letters read aloud to the congregations... And when this letter is read (anaginosko) among you, have it also read in the church of the Laodiceans; and you, for your part read my letter (Some think this refers to the letter to the Ephesians which many feel was a so-called "circular" letter - to be circulated through the churches) that is coming from Laodicea. (See note Colossians 4:16) In Paul's second letter to the Thessalonians, he makes a statement that also implies that the second letter was to have been read before the entire congregation... And if anyone does not obey our instruction in this letter, take special note of that man and do not associate with him, so that he may be put to shame. (2Th 3:14) Here are all the NT uses of anaginosko... Matthew 12:3 (Context of accusation by Pharisees that Jesus' disciples were breaking the Sabbath) But He said to them, "Have you not read what David did, when he became hungry, he and his companions. 4 how he entered the house of God, and they ate the consecrated bread, which was not lawful for him to eat, nor for those with him, but for the priests alone? 12:5 Or have you not read in the Law, that on the Sabbath the priests in the temple break the Sabbath, and are innocent? Matthew 19:4 (Context is Pharisees testing Jesus on whether divorce was lawful for any reason) And He answered and said, "Have you not read, that He who created them from the beginning made them male and female, Matthew 21:16 (Context: The chief priests and scribes heard the children who were crying out "Hosanna to the Son of David" as Jesus entered Jerusalem in his last week of life) and said to Him, "Do You hear what these are saying?" And Jesus said to them, "Yes; have you never read, 'Out of the mouth of infants and nursing babes Thou hast prepared praise for Thyself'?" Matthew 21:42 Jesus said to them, "Did you never read in the Scriptures (Ps 118:22-23), 'The stone which the builders rejected, This became the chief corner stone; This came about from the Lord, And it is marvelous in our eyes '? Matthew 22:31 (Context: Sadducees who did note believe in resurrection questioned Jesus to which he answered) "But regarding the resurrection of the dead, have you not read that which was spoken to you by God, saying 32 'I AM (present tense = continually, not "I was" past tense - implication = there must be life after death!) THE GOD OF ABRAHAM, AND THE GOD OF ISAAC, AND THE GOD OF JACOB'? He is not the God of the dead but of the living." Matthew 24:15 "Therefore when you see the abomination of desolation which was spoken of through Daniel the prophet, standing in the holy place (let the reader understand), (Context: Jesus is referring to Da 9:27 [note] which some Jews have read and been saved by God!) Mark 2:25 And He said to them, "Have you never read what David did when he was in need and became hungry, he and his companions: Mark 12:10 "Have you not even read this Scripture: 'The stone which the builders rejected, This became the chief corner stone; Mark 12:26 "But regarding the fact that the dead rise again, have you not read in the book of Moses, in the passage about the burning bush, how God spoke to him, saying, 'I am the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob '? Mark 13:14 "But when you see the abomination of desolation standing where it should not be (let the reader understand), then let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains. Luke 4:16 And He came to Nazareth, where He had been brought up; and as was His custom, He entered the synagogue on the Sabbath, and stood up to read. Comment: Vincent commenting on the use of anaginosko in this passage says that "After the liturgical services which introduced the worship of the synagogue, the “minister” took a roll of the law from the ark, removed its case and wrappings, and then called upon some one to read. On the Sabbaths, at least seven persons were called on successively to read portions of the law, none of them consisting of less than three verses. After the law followed a section from the prophets, which was succeeded immediately by a discourse. It was this section which Jesus read and expounded. See Acts 13:15; 8.5" class="scriptRef">Neh. 8:5, 8. For a detailed account of the synagogue-worship, click article in Edersheim's “Life and Times of Jesus" Luke 6:3 And Jesus answering them said, "Have you not even read what David did when he was hungry, he and those who were with him, Luke 10:26 And He said to him, "What is written in the Law? How does it read to you?" John 19:20 Therefore this inscription many of the Jews read, for the place where Jesus was crucified was near the city; and it was written in Hebrew, Latin, and in Greek. Acts 8:28 And he was returning and sitting in his chariot, and was reading the prophet Isaiah.... 30 And when Philip had run up, he heard him reading Isaiah the prophet, and said, "Do you understand what you are reading?"... 32 Now the passage of Scripture which he was reading was this: "He was led as a sheep to slaughter; And as a lamb before its shearer is silent, So He does not open His mouth." Acts 13:27 "For those who live in Jerusalem, and their rulers, recognizing neither Him nor the utterances of the prophets which are read every Sabbath, fulfilled these by condemning Him. Comment: The Jews and the religious leaders were literally fulfilling the prophecies at the very same time they were reading them! They read without understanding what they were reading. It follows that reading Scripture is not like reading any writing, for one must have their eyes opened to understand what they are reading (cp 1Cor 2:14) Acts 15:21 "For Moses from ancient generations has in every city those who preach him, since he is read in the synagogues every Sabbath." Acts 15:31 And when they (Gentile converts) had read it (decision by Jerusalem council that Gentiles did not have to fulfill legalistic requirements - only abstain from things sacrificed to idols and from blood and from things strangled and from fornication), they rejoiced because of its encouragement. Acts 23:34 And when he (Felix) had read it (letter from the Roman commander, "Claudius Lysias, to Felix), he (Felix) asked from what province he (Paul) was; and when he learned that he was from Cilicia, Comment: Felix was a deputy of the legate of Syria and Cilicia, and so claimed the right to conduct the hearing, whichever choice Paul made. 2 Corinthians 1:13 For we write nothing else to you than what you read and understand, and I hope you will understand until the end; 2 Corinthians 3:2 You are our letter, written in our hearts, known and read by all men Comment: In his case there was no need of a letter written with pen and ink. The Corinthian converts were the fruit of his ministry and were known and read by all men in the sense that their conversion was a well-known fact in the whole area. People realized that a change had come over these people, that they had turned to God from idols, and that they were now living separated lives. They were the evidence of Paul’s divine ministry. 2 Corinthians 3:15 But to this day whenever Moses is read, a veil lies over their heart Comment: A spiritual veil blinded the eyes of the Jews who read the OT. They read it but did not comprehend the spiritual meaning of the Old Covenant. Ephesians 3:4 (note) And by referring to this, when you read you can understand my insight into the mystery of Christ, Colossians 4:16 (note) And when this letter is read among you, have it also read in the church of the Laodiceans; and you, for your part read my letter that is coming from Laodicea. Comment: Since at that time there were no facilities for multiplying copies of a writing, and since education was not widely diffused, the public reading of the letter was the only available means of making its contents generally known. 1Thessalonians 5:27 (note) I adjure you by the Lord to have this letter read to all the brethren. Revelation 1:3 (note) Blessed is he who reads and those who hear the words of the prophecy, and heed the things which are written in it; for the time is near. Comment: The phrase denotes a single reader who reads the letter out loud in the midst of a congregation of listeners. At the time the book was written, writing materials were expensive and scarce. Nor was there an inexpensive means for producing copies of a written document—tedious copying by hand being the means of replication. Generally, a Christian assembly might only have access to a single copy of a document so written works were often read so that their contents might be accessible to the wider assembly. The message of God is not conveyed by some existential and personal encounter. Rather, it is conveyed by words. God has specifically chosen normative language as the mode for communicating what He wants us to know and keep. This is the basis for the Golden Rule of Interpretation discussed in the introduction. (Reference) There are 46 uses of anaginosko in the non-apocryphal Septuagint (LXX) (24.7" class="scriptRef">Ex 24:7; Deut. 17:19; 31:11; 8.8" class="scriptRef">8.30" class="scriptRef">Jos. 8:30; 2 Ki. 5:7; 14" class="scriptRef">19:14; 22:8, 10" class="scriptRef">10, 16; 23.2" class="scriptRef">23:2; 18" class="scriptRef">2 Chr. 34:18, 24, 30; Ezra 4:23; Neh. 8:3, 8, 18; 9:3; 13:1; Est. 6:1; Job 31:36; Isa. 29:11f; Jer. 3:12; 11:6; 19:2; 29:29; 32:11, 14; 36:6, 8, 10, 13ff, 21, 23; 51:61, 63; Dan. 5:7f, 15ff; Amos 4:5; Hab. 2:2) Exodus 24:7 Then he took the book of the covenant and read (Hebrew = qara' = call out, recite, read aloud; Lxx = anaginosko) it in the hearing of the people; and they said, "All that the LORD has spoken we will do, and we will be obedient!" Comment: Israel made a promise to keep the Mosaic Law, a promise they would break almost immediately for no man (except Christ) can keep all that the LORD has spoken! Deuteronomy 17:19 "And it (the copy of the law on a scroll which the king was to write out in the presence of the Levitical priests) shall be with him (the king of Israel), and he shall read it all the days of his life, that he may learn to fear the LORD his God, by carefully observing all the words of this law and these statutes Comment: What impact it would have had on Israel if the kings had carried out this instruction from the heart. One is especially amazed that a man like Solomon apparently did not carry out this instruction! Nehemiah 8:3 (Context -- After the Jews had gathered in the street, they ask Ezra to bring the book of the Law. Verse 2 says "Then Ezra the priest brought the law before the assembly of men, women, and all who could listen with understanding, on the first day of the seventh month") And he read (Hebrew = qara' = call out, recite, read aloud; Lxx = anaginosko) from it before the square which was in front of the Water Gate from early morning until midday, in the presence of men and women, those who could understand; and all the people were attentive to the book of the law. Comment: Read what happened when Ezra opened the Book in Nehemiah 8:5-10! Note the powerful effect the public reading had on these Jews who began to weep! Would it be so in our congregations across America. Lord do it again for Thy Name's sake and Thy glory. Amen. Deuteronomy 31:11 when all Israel comes to appear before the LORD your God at the place which He will choose, you shall read (Hebrew = qara' = call out, recite, read aloud; Lxx = anaginosko) this law in front of all Israel in their hearing. Comment: MacArthur writes that "The law that Moses wrote down was given to the priests who were required to be its custodians and protectors and to read it in the hearing of all Israel at the Feast of Tabernacles during each sabbatical year. This reading of the law every 7 years was to remind the people to live in submission to their awe-inspiring God." (MacArthur, J.: The MacArthur Study Bible Nashville: Word or Logos) MacDonald adds that "The reading of Holy Scripture is sadly neglected even in doctrinally conservative circles today. The following extended but valuable words from C. H. Mackintosh (Notes on the Pentateuch) are unfortunately much more true today than a century ago when they were written: The Word of God is not loved and studied, either privately or publicly. Trashy literature is devoured in private, and music, ritualistic services, and imposing ceremonies are eagerly sought after in public. Thousands will flock to hear music, and pay for admission, but how few care for a meeting to read the holy Scriptures! These are facts, and facts are powerful arguments. We cannot get over them. There is a growing thirst for religious excitement, and a growing distaste for the calm study of holy Scripture and the spiritual exercises of the Christian assembly. It is perfectly useless to deny it. We cannot shut our eyes to it. The evidence of it meets us on every hand. Thank God, there are a few, here and there, who really love the Word of God, and delight to meet, in holy fellowship, for the study of its precious truths. May the Lord increase the number of such, and bless them abundantly! May our lot be cast with them, "till travelling days are done!" They are but an obscure and feeble remnant everywhere; but they love Christ and cleave to His word; and their richest enjoyment is to get together and think and speak and sing of Him. May God bless them and keep them! May He deepen His precious work in their souls, and bind them more closely to Himself and one another, and thus prepare them, in the state of their affections, for the appearing of "The Bright and Morning Star". (MacDonald, W & Farstad, A. Believer's Bible Commentary: Thomas Nelson or Logos) 2 Kings 22:8 Then Hilkiah the high priest said to Shaphan the scribe, "I have found the book of the law in the house of the LORD." And Hilkiah gave the book to Shaphan who read (Hebrew = qara' = call out, recite, read aloud; Lxx = anaginosko) it...10 Moreover, Shaphan the scribe told the king saying, "Hilkiah the priest has given me a book." And Shaphan read it in the presence of the king. 11 And it came about when the king heard the words of the book of the law, that he tore his clothes... 23:2 And the king (godly king Josiah) went up to the house of the LORD and all the men of Judah and all the inhabitants of Jerusalem with him, and the priests and the prophets and all the people, both small and great; and he read (Hebrew = qara' = call out, recite, read aloud; Lxx = anaginosko) in their hearing all the words of the book of the covenant, which was found in the house of the LORD. Comment: King Josiah demonstrates the effect of reading the Book of the Law with a tender heart (2Ki 22:19) instead of a rebellious heart. God used the effect of the truth Josiah read to bring about a "revival" in Israel. Wiersbe notes that... Paul ended with another reminder that the Word of God is the important thing in the local church. The Word must govern our conduct and guide our lives. We are to read the Word personally, but we also need to hear the Word in the fellowship of the local church, for the one experience helps balance the other. (Wiersbe, W: Bible Exposition Commentary. 1989. Victor or Logos) Dear pastor or teacher, are you holding fast (present tense = continually) to the faithful (trustworthy) Word in your preaching and teaching, the Word of truth which is in accordance with the teaching, so that (you) may be able both to exhort in sound doctrine and to refute those who contradict (Titus 1:9-note)? Or instead are you substituting words of men in a variety of forms (jokes, stories, video series that only use a few token Scriptures, etc)? Paul would say "I adjure you to read the Word, to exposit the Word, to explain the Word, nothing but the Word, which is the whole truth!" Brethren (80) (adelphos from collative a = denoting unity + delphús = womb) is literally one born from same womb and so a male having the same father and mother as reference person. Figuratively, adelphos as used by Paul refers to a close associate of a group of persons having well-defined membership, specifically referring to fellow believers in Christ who are united by the bond of affection. MacDonald makes several observations from this verse... 1. Paul invests the Letter with the authority of the word of God. The OT was read publicly in the synagogues. Now this epistle will be read aloud in the churches. 2. The Bible is for all Christians, not for some inside circle or privileged class. All its truths are for all the saints. Notice that in 1Th 5:25, 26, 27 we have three keys to a successful Christian life: (1) prayer (1Th 5:25); (2) love for fellow believers, which speaks of fellowship (1Th 5:26); and (3) reading and study of the word (1Th 5:27) (MacDonald, W & Farstad, A. Believer's Bible Commentary: Thomas Nelson or Logos) Hiebert notes that... Paul desired that the letter should not merely be passed from hand to hand, lest some might be omitted. Nor is it certain that all the members of the Thessalonian church would be able to read it for themselves. His suggestion is that the letter be read publicly when "all the brothers" assemble for their united worship service. Whether the reading would take place before, during, or after the service is not clear. The request that the letter be read to all the brethren makes clear that Paul intended this letter to be recognized as the possession of the entire Thessalonian church." It guards against any thought on the part of the elders that the letter was only for them and that they might "communicate its contents to those whom they chose to take into their confidence."' Paul insisted that its message was for all who were "brothers." There were to be no inner and outer circles in their brotherhood. Christianity has no esoteric teachings that are reserved for the initiated few. The message of the gospel is an open secret. (Ibid) Denney remarks that... The charge to read the letter to all the brethren is one of the many indications in the New Testament that, though the gospel is a mysterion, as it is called in Greek, there is no mystery about it in the modern sense. It is all open and aboveboard. There is not something on the surface, which the simple are to be allowed to believe; and something quite different underneath, into which the wise and prudent are to be initiated. The whole thing has been revealed unto babes. He who makes a mystery out of it, a professional secret which it needs a special education to understand, is not only guilty of a great sin, but proves that he knows nothing about it. Paul knew its length and breadth and depth and height better than any man; and though he had to accommodate himself to human weakness, distinguishing between babes in Christ and such as were able to bear strong meat, he put the highest things within reach of all; “Him we preach,” he exclaims to the Colossians, “warning every man, and teaching every man in every wisdom, that we may present every man perfect in Christ.” (see note Colossians 1:28) ... Let us who have the Book in our hands, and the Spirit to guide us, prize at its true worth this unspeakable gift. (Ibid) 1Thessalonians 5:28 The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you (NASB: Lockman) Greek: e charis tou kuriou hemon Iesou Christou methe' humon Amplified: The grace (the unmerited favor and blessings) of our Lord Jesus Christ (the Messiah) be with you all. Amen, (so be it). (Amplified Bible - Lockman) NLT: And may the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with all of you. (NLT - Tyndale House) Phillips: The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. (Phillips: Touchstone) Wuest: The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you. (Eerdmans) Young's Literal: the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ is with you! Amen. THE GRACE OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST BE WITH YOU: e charis tou kuriou hemon Iesou Christou methe' humon: (Romans 1:7; 16:20,24; 2Thessalonians 3:18) Grace of the our Lord - This refers to sanctifying grace, grace that transforms, grace that empowers, grace that is sufficient so that we might walk worthy and in the will of God in a society that has gone 180 degrees the opposite direction. Note the Source of this grace is of our Lord Jesus Christ. It is that same grace and Source that Paul instructed Timothy to depend on... You (Paul knowing he is about to die, writing to Timothy, who might have been a bit timid, see 2Ti 1:7-note) therefore, my son (in spiritual terms), be strong (present imperative = command to be continually strengthened, implying Timothy's continual need of inner strengthening. The passive voice indicates Jesus is the Source and Timothy the recipient) in the grace that is in Christ Jesus. (2Ti 2:1-note) (So in this passage as in 1Thessalonians 5:28, the Source or the "Sphere" of this grace is the Lord Jesus Christ -- in Christ - see discussions of In Christ and in Christ Jesus) "Copy and paste the address below into your web browser in order to go to the original page which will allow you to access live links related to the material on this page - these links include Scriptures (which can be read in context), Scripture pop-ups on mouse over, and a variety of related resources such as Bible dictionary articles, commentaries, sermon notes and theological journal articles related to the topic under discussion." http://www.preceptaustin.org/1thessalonians_525-28.htm#read

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